������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ��

In 2007, rural and urban populations were approximately equal at 3.33 billion people. Since then the urban population has continued to grow exponentially, and in 2016 it was estimated that 4 billion people lived in urban settings as compared to 3.4 billion people in rural areas. This trend is set to continue with

There is no doubt that urban areas are powerhouses of economic growth – contributing about . However, they also account for about and over 60% of resource use. Key urban biodiversity areas and ecosystems that are experiencing negative trends, as per the by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, will need to be safeguarded to build that are resilient to climate change. The report makes clear that while the expansion of roads, hydroelectric dams, energy-use, and production and consumption is a significant part of the problem, these remain imperative for economic growth and poverty reduction.

City governments often have to make difficult decisions balancing the economic benefits from infrastructure investments and the environmental costs of these projects. However, in recent years, the negative economic and human impacts of favouring grey infrastructure have become evident. In 2005, Mumbai, the financial capital of India and a rapidly growing urban hub, experienced devastating floods that killed over . Although rainfall levels were higher than anticipated, two factors contributed to the severity of the floods: (1) between 1995-2005 over were cleared for coastal development; and (2) its natural drainage system – the Mithi River – was reclaimed.

The developed world is by no means immune to the devastation caused by natural disasters. In much of the United States, urban flooding is becoming commonplace and is a growing source of significant economic loss, social disruption, and housing inequality. In 2018 alone, urban flooding resulted in over 176,000 insurance claims or flood losses, at a . According to the National Hurricane Center, Hurricane Harvey, a Category 4 storm that hit Texas in August 2017, . Within a week, one-third of Houston, the nation’s fourth largest metropolis with 6.6 million residents, was underwater.

What if these and other cities had made slightly different decisions, and chose to ally more closely with nature? Green and infrastructure and other nature-based solutions can play an essential role in urban planning – addressing the demands of growing cities while increasing resilience.

Natural defenses

Thriving coastal habitats have proven to reduce the risk of coastal hazards such as flooding and erosion during storms. For example, healthy watersheds purify water but also absorb rainwater and reduce the intensity of flash flooding. Mangroves reduce the impact or fully eradicate coastal flooding while providing habitat for biodiversity and have livelihood benefits for local communities.

The benefits of conserving and restoring these vital ecosystems are being increasingly recognised. , mangroves saved the small town of from devastation caused by Super Typhoon Haiyan while the nearby unprotected city of Tacloban was completely devastated. Learning from this experience, the government of the Philippines is across the country. Other countries with coastal mangrove resources are following suit with , while Pakistan has been restoring its mangroves since the 1990s with over 30,000 hectares conserved to date.

Still, rapid urbanisation continues to threaten this vital resource. The UN estimates that by could threaten 29 million hectares of natural habitat that stores an estimated 4.35 billion metric tonnes of CO².�� To make matters worse, as urban areas expand 40% of strictly protected areas are projected to be within 50 km of a city.

The provision of ecosystem services depends on the quality and quantity of urban green infrastructure ­– parks, gardens, urban forests, as well forests and wetlands surrounding urban areas. These areas host rich biodiversity and are essential ecosystems that cannot be disconnected from cities’ sustainability strategies. Nature-based solutions and forest landscape restoration should not replace existing strategies, but rather be implemented in conjunction to make cities more resilient and sustainable. There are invaluable lessons to be learned from emerging around the world. The climate action programme in for example, focuses on increasing urban forest canopy to cover at least 31% of the city. The value of the trees and green spaces are increasingly recognised by urban governments such as: – where urban forests are managed sustainably and degraded urban areas are restored to enhance ecosystem services.

Connecting cities to nature conservation and restoration to improve coastal resilience and wellbeing of urban societies

Nature-based solutions such as forest landscape restoration and ecosystem-based adaptation are smart, climate-resilient solutions that offer a range of benefits to urban societies. Restoring coastal forest ecosystems compliments to coastal cities and is more cost-effective in enhancing resilience to natural disasters. Increasing tree cover and enhanced management of urban forests . For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency has found that green roof than those of conventional roofs and can reduce city-wide ambient temperatures by as much as 5°F (2.8°C). Vertical greenery plays a critical role in providing habitat for birds and cooling buildings, thereby and increasing recreational space. Urban tree cover captures rainwater and protects against inner . Restoring slope areas also . Surrounding forested landscapes can generate and to cities. ��For example, the city of that rely on the surrounding forests for water quality.

The role of cities in conserving biodiversity is twofold. First, city residents can have direct positive impact on many plants and animals through their own actions. They can contribute to the protection and recovery of threatened birds and insects by planting native flowers and fruit species in their back yards. An additional benefit to this approach is the creation of urban food systems that, by their very nature, are less carbon intensive and use less water and pesticides than traditional agriculture. The second layer to the biodiversity discussion is the role cities can play in species’ conservation. The Sanjay Gandhi National Park, located within Mumbai city limits, is home to more butterfly species than the entire United Kingdom. The park also and most recently, acted as a corridor for a tiger. While the onus here falls on wildlife management authorities, nature-based solutions such as forest landscape restoration can play a critical role in (1) creating or improving connectivity between city forests and larger protected areas, and (2) reducing pressure on these last remaining natural strongholds.��

In addition, . Investing in conservation and restoration of cities’ ecosystems is not only .

Taking action

Cities have already started to take action toward . During the��Global Climate Action Summit in California in 2018, 45 cities joined the global ��initiative to conserve and restore forests within and outside city boundaries. A non-profit organisation pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation called is supporting cities to become more resilient to physical, social and economic challenges through nature-based solutions. Under the umbrella, a network of mayors of some of the world’s megacities have committed to bold climate actions. And on a national level, in June 2019, the UK launched – a first of its kind multimillion pound project to secure urban parks and green spaces totaling over 20,000 hectares in eight urban areas.

������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� recognises that urban areas are disproportionately affected by the impacts of environmental change and recognises the role that nature plays in helping city-dwellers be resilient to the worst impacts of climate change, while enabling residents of cities to lead healthy lives. In 2018, ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� launched the ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� Urban Nature Alliance to bring together a diverse group of experts to raise awareness of the value of ecosystems in urban areas, and how these ecosystems can help address urban challenges.

Under its nature-based solutions umbrella, ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� works with state and civil society members and partners to build thriving, resilient and productive landscapes though forest landscape restoration. Forest landscape restoration is about restoring a whole landscape and creating future options to adjust and further optimise ecosystem goods and services as societal needs change or new challenges arise. ��

��

Tapping into urban natural systems

The recently held in Bonn, Germany provided an opportunity for open dialogue among governments, practitioners, businesses and civil society to share knowledge and expertise for the advancement of urban resilience. Nature-based solutions and restoration was at the heart of discussions to tailor solutions that are sensitive to social, economic and ecological contexts, addressing challenges like food security, climate change, water security, disaster risk, and social and economic development. Integrated city-specific and landscape-level planning can be invaluable.

Forests are shaping the future of urban resilience. Urban planners can integrate nature-based solutions and forest landscape restoration strategies into the design and planning of an innovative and inclusive urban nature agenda, particularly by:

• Using ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� Red List of Ecosystems, ��Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology, and FEBA ecosystem-based adaptation Quality Standards to assess status and threats to urban landscapes and effectively plan for integrated management of urban landscapes and buffer zones, such as coastal wetlands and .
• Engaging stakeholders and residents in planning and decision making for restoration and sustainable management of green spaces, as well the forests and wetlands surrounding urban areas.
• Using principles of nature-based solutions, forest landscape restoration, and ecosystem-based adaptation, tailoring city-led restoration programmes to the local, social, cultural, economic and ecological context and for multiple benefits for the multiple stakeholders.
• Prioritising restoration approaches for urban biodiversity and ensuring that these approaches manifest through diverse and integrated use of nature-based solutions for enhanced resilience of biodiversity and ecosystem services for a sustainable urban future.
• Linking global agendas to local actions. Actions taken at the international level, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) can be operationalised at the city level by integrating natural solutions into local planning processes. The can play a central role in promoting climate resilience integration into local actions.
• Catalysing partnerships and creating platforms for knowledge exchange among champion cities for uptake of their best practices. An integrated approach can build support for forest landscape restoration and ecosystem-based adaptation that would lead to more strategic investments from cities in nature-based solutions as opposed to more costly options such as traditional infrastructural approaches.

The challenges cities face can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. The future we want includes cities of opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more.��– UN on ��

��

–Insights from ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ��’s Salome Begeladze, Ali Raza Rizvi and Swati Hingorani

Take part in urban solutions discussions at the World Conservation Congress

At next year’s ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� , states, NGOs, the private sector and others from around the world will come together to reflect on current strategies and discuss nature-based solutions to�� the challenges we face. ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� and its hundreds of member states and organisations will build from these challenges and explore real-world opportunities to address biodiversity, climate change and other environmental stressors at all levels.

The World Conservation Congress is an excellent opportunity to come together to seek and advocate for urban-centric nature-based solutions such as forest landscape restoration and ecosystem-based adaptation, and promote evidence-based best practices for wider adoption. Join ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� and the global conservation community in Marseilles, France in June 2020 to create momentum for stronger collaboration at the global, national and local levels and share your stories and best practices that will inspire action to achieve inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities.