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The overall theme for the 2nd ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� World Environmental Law Congress is A Critical Decade for Environmental Law. In the year 2021, the world faces grave and complex environmental crises, including accelerated changes in global and local climates and rapid loss of biodiversity. Over the next decade, effective environmental law at local, national, regional, and international levels will be essential to shape and promote societal responses at the scale needed to meet these global crises.

At the African Environmental Law Congress, speakers and participants addressed the overall global theme as well as the Congress’ regional theme: Water, Desertification and Law. The first day of the Congress included a high-level opening ceremony with welcoming remarks from ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� Director General Bruno Oberle, ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� WCEL Chair Justice Antonio Herman Benjamin, UNEP Law Division Acting Director Arnold Kreilhuber, Mohammed VI Foundation for Environmental Protection Secretary General Nouzha Alaoui and was moderated by ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� WCEL Steering Committee Member Prof. Christina Voigt. Keynote speakers and two high-level Round-Table Dialogues – including speakers present in Bouknadel, Morocco as well as online – discussed key outcomes of the previous two Regional Environmental Law Congresses (Inter-American and Oceania) as well as the African Environmental Law Congress theme and general trends and challenges in environmental law in Africa. Topics included climate change, cultural, social, environmental and economic interlinkages, the right to a healthy environment, and the increased recognition of a right of nature. Speakers also considered how environmental law works in practice in Africa when it comes to both rights and duties. The concept of Ubuntu “I am because we are and since we are I am” strongly resonated with speakers and participants alike.

During the second day of the Congress, three additional high-level Round-Table Dialogues, including a Special Session of Judges, addressed perspectives on the 2018 Brasília Declaration of Judges on Water Justice, the , and water, desertification and climate change law in the context of the ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� World Conservation Congress as well as UN CBD COP 15, UNFCCC COP26, UNEA 5.2 and UNCCD COP15. Elizabeth Mrema, Executive Secretary of the UN CBD provided a closing High Level Keynote Address. The Closing Ceremony, co-chaired by Grethel Aguilar, Deputy Director General, ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� and Prof. Voigt comprised in closing remarks by ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� President Zhang Xinsheng, and representatives of UNEP, ������ϲʿ�������ֳ�ֱ�� Environmental Law Center, and WCEL.

The African Environmental Law Congress provided an important opportunity to recognize inspiring leaders in the field of Environmental Law. WCEL awarded the Nicholas Robinson Award for Excellence in Environmental Law to both Elizabeth Mrema of the UN CBD and Prof. Ali Mekouar of the University of Casablanca. Both were honored by WCEL Chair Justice Antonio Herman Benjamin and Prof. Christina Voigt for dedicated careers toward advancing the environmental rule of law.

To capture the key outcomes of the African Environmental Law Congress, the participants and speakers in the Congress are collaborating on the Bouknadel Declaration on African Environmental Law. The first draft of the Declaration, prepared by a Scientific Committee composed of leading environmental law experts, was presented during Congress for feedback and inputs.